Entry Level Computer Science Jobs
Computer science is one of the most in-demand degree fields today. As technology continues to advance and grow, so do the number of jobs available in this field. If you are looking for a job that requires a degree in computer science, here are some ideas for possible entry level positions.
Developer: A developer is someone who can write code and create applications. This position is often filled by someone with at least two years of experience in their field. Some developers are able to work remotely from home while others work from an office setting.
IT Technician: An IT technician helps with the maintenance of computers and networks within an organization. This can include performing backups, installing operating systems and software updates on computers, as well as troubleshooting issues that may arise throughout the day. Most companies require a bachelor’s degree in computer science or related field before hiring someone into this position; however, some companies may offer internships for those who want to gain experience before applying full-time somewhere else down the road!
Business Analyst: A business analyst works closely with management teams by gathering information about their needs before designing solutions that meet those needs through technology solutions such as software programs or hardware components such as servers or routers (depending on what
Computer Science Entry Level Jobs
Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information.[1] Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory and automation) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software).[2][3][4] Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming.[5]
Algorithms and data structures are central to computer science.[6] The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing security vulnerabilities. Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images. Programming language theory considers different ways to describe computational processes, and database theory concerns the management of repositories of data. Human–computer interaction investigates the interfaces through which humans and computers interact, and software engineering focuses on the design and principles behind developing software. Areas such as operating systems, networks and embedded systems investigate the principles and design behind complex systems. Computer architecture describes the construction of computer components and computer-operated equipment. Artificial intelligence and machine learning aim to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning found in humans and animals. Within artificial intelligence, computer vision aims to understand and process image and video data, while natural language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data.
The fundamental concern of computer science is determining what can and cannot be automated.[7][8][9][10][11] The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science.[12][13]
Contents
1 History
2 Etymology
3 Philosophy
3.1 Epistemology of computer science
3.2 Paradigms of computer science
4 Fields
4.1 Theoretical computer science
4.1.1 Theory of computation
4.1.2 Information and coding theory
4.1.3 Data structures and algorithms
4.1.4 Programming language theory and formal methods
4.2 Computer systems and computational processes
4.2.1 Artificial intelligence
4.2.2 Computer architecture and organization
4.2.3 Concurrent, parallel and distributed computing
4.2.4 Computer networks
4.2.5 Computer security and cryptography
4.2.6 Databases and data mining
4.2.7 Computer graphics and visualization
4.2.8 Image and sound processing
4.3 Applied computer science
4.3.1 Computational science, finance and engineering
4.3.2 Social computing and human–computer interaction
4.3.3 Software engineering
5 Discoveries
6 Programming paradigms
7 Academia
8 Education
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
12.1 Overview
12.2 Selected literature
12.3 Articles
12.4 Curriculum and classification
13 External links
13.1 Bibliography and academic search engines
13.2 Professional organizations
13.3 Misc
History
Main article: History of computer science
History of computing
Ordinateurs centraux 348-3-006.jpg
Hardware
Hardware before 1960Hardware 1960s to present
Software
SoftwareUnixFree software and open-source software
Computer science
Artificial intelligenceCompiler constructionEarly computer scienceOperating systemsProgramming languagesProminent pioneersSoftware engineering
Modern concepts
General-purpose CPUsGraphical user interfaceInternetLaptopsPersonal computersVideo gamesWorld Wide Web
By country
BulgariaPolandRomaniaSoviet BlocSoviet UnionYugoslavia
Timeline of computing
before 19501950–19791980–19891990–19992000–20092010–20192020–presentmore timelines …
Glossary of computer science
Category
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Charles Babbage, sometimes referred to as the “father of computing”.[14]
Ada Lovelace published the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer.[15]
The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment.[16]
Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623.[17] In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner.[18] Leibniz may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, because of various reasons, including the fact that he documented the binary number system. In 1820, Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry[note 1] when he invented his simplified arithmometer, the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. Charles Babbage started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculator, his Difference Engine, in 1822, which eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculator, his Analytical Engine.[19] He started developing this machine in 1834, and “in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer”.[20] “A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom”[20] making it infinitely programmable.[note 2] In 1843, during the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer.[21] Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM. Following Babbage, although unaware of his earlier work, Percy Ludgate in 1909 published[22] the 2nd of the only two designs for mechanical analytical engines in history. In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage’s impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business[23] to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage’s Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit. When the machine was finished, some hailed it as “Babbage’s dream come true”.[24]
During the 1940s, with the development of new and more powerful computing machines such as the Atanasoff–Berry computer and ENIAC, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors.[25] As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. In 1945, IBM founded the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University in New York City. The renovated fraternity house on Manhattan’s West Side was IBM’s first laboratory devoted to pure science. The lab is the forerunner of IBM’s Research Division, which today operates research facilities around the world.[26] Ultimately, the close relationship between IBM and Columbia University was instrumental in the emergence of a new scientific discipline, with Columbia offering one of the first academic-credit courses in computer science in 1946.[27] Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the 1950s and early 1960s.[28][29] The world’s first computer science degree program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science, began at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in 1953. The first computer science department in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962.[30] Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own rights.
See also: History of computing and History of informatics
Etymology
See also: Informatics § Etymology
Although first proposed in 1956,[31] the term “computer science” appears in a 1959 article in Communications of the ACM,[32] in which Louis Fein argues for the creation of a Graduate School in Computer Sciences analogous to the creation of Harvard Business School in 1921.[33] Louis justifies the name by arguing that, like management science, the subject is applied and interdisciplinary in nature, while having the characteristics typical of an academic discipline.[32] His efforts, and those of others such as numerical analyst George Forsythe, were rewarded: universities went on to create such departments, starting with Purdue in 1962.[34] Despite its name, a significant amount of computer science does not involve the study of computers themselves. Because of this, several alternative names have been proposed.[35] Certain departments of major universities prefer the term computing science, to emphasize precisely that difference. Danish scientist Peter Naur suggested the term datalogy,[36] to reflect the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment, while not necessarily involving computers. The first scientific institution to use the term was the Department of Datalogy at the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1969, with Peter Naur being the first professor in datalogy. The term is used mainly in the Scandinavian countries. An alternative term, also proposed by Naur, is data science; this is now used for a multi-disciplinary field of data analysis, including statistics and databases.
In the early days of computing, a number of terms for the practitioners of the field of computing were suggested in the Communications of the ACM—turingineer, turologist, flow-charts-man, applied meta-mathematician, and applied epistemologist.[37] Three months later in the same journal, comptologist was suggested, followed next year by hypologist.[38] The term computics has also been suggested.[39] In Europe, terms derived from contracted translations of the expression “automatic information” (e.g. “informazione automatica” in Italian) or “information and mathematics” are often used, e.g. informatique (French), Informatik (German), informatica (Italian, Dutch), informática (Spanish, Portuguese), informatika (Slavic languages and Hungarian) or pliroforiki (πληροφορική, which means informatics) in Greek. Similar words have also been adopted in the UK (as in the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh).[40] “In the U.S., however, informatics is linked with applied computing, or computing in the context of another domain.”[41]
A folkloric quotation, often attributed to—but almost certainly not first formulated by—Edsger Dijkstra, states that “computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes.”[note 3] The design and deployment of computers and computer systems is generally considered the province of disciplines other than computer science. For example, the study of computer hardware is usually considered part of computer engineering, while the study of commercial computer systems and their deployment is often called information technology or information systems. However, there has been exchange of ideas between the various computer-related disciplines. Computer science research also often intersects other disciplines, such as cognitive science, linguistics, mathematics, physics, biology, Earth science, statistics, philosophy, and logic.
Computer science is considered by some to have a much closer relationship with mathematics than many scientific disciplines, with some observers saying that computing is a mathematical science.[28] Early computer science was strongly influenced by the work of mathematicians such as Kurt Gödel, Alan Turing, John von Neumann, Rózsa Péter and Alonzo Church and there continues to be a useful interchange of ideas between the two fields in areas such as mathematical logic, category theory, domain theory, and algebra.[31]
The relationship between Computer Science and Software Engineering is a contentious issue, which is further muddied by disputes over what the term “Software Engineering” means, and how computer science is defined.[42] David Parnas, taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering and science disciplines, has claimed that the principal focus of computer science is studying the properties of computation in general, while the principal focus of software engineering is the design of specific computations to achieve practical goals, making the two separate but complementary disciplines.[43]
The academic, political, and funding aspects of computer science tend to depend on whether a department is formed with a mathematical emphasis or with an engineering emphasis. Computer science departments with a mathematics emphasis and with a numerical orientation consider alignment with computational science. Both types of departments tend to make efforts to bridge the field educationally if not across all research.
Philosophy
Main article: Philosophy of computer science
Epistemology of computer science
Despite the word “science” in its name, there is debate over whether or not computer science is a discipline of science, mathematics, or engineering.[44] Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon argued in 1975,
Computer science is an empirical discipline. We would have called it an experimental science, but like astronomy, economics, and geology, some of its unique forms of observation and experience do not fit a narrow stereotype of the experimental method. Nonetheless, they are experiments. Each new machine that is built is an experiment. Actually constructing the machine poses a question to nature; and we listen for the answer by observing the machine in operation and analyzing it by all analytical and measurement means available.[44]
It has since been argued that computer science can be classified as an empirical science since it makes use of empirical testing to evaluate the correctness of programs, but a problem remains in defining the laws and theorems of computer science (if any exist) and defining the nature of experiments in computer science.[44] Proponents of classifying computer science as an engineering discipline argue that the reliability of computational systems is investigated in the same way as bridges in civil engineering and airplanes in aerospace engineering.[44] They also argue that while empirical sciences observe what presently exists, computer science observes what is possible to exist and while scientists discover laws from observation, no proper laws have been found in computer science and it is instead concerned with creating phenomena.[44]
Proponents of classifying computer science as a mathematical discipline argue that computer programs are physical realizations of mathematical entities and programs can be deductively reasoned through mathematical formal methods.[44] Computer scientists Edsger W. Dijkstra and Tony Hoare regard instructions for computer programs as mathematical sentences and interpret formal semantics for programming languages as mathematical axiomatic systems.[44]
Paradigms of computer science
A number of computer scientists have argued for the distinction of three separate paradigms in computer science. Peter Wegner argued that those paradigms are science, technology, and mathematics.[45] Peter Denning’s working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling), and design.[46] Amnon H. Eden described them as the “rationalist paradigm” (which treats computer science as a branch of mathematics, which is prevalent in theoretical computer science, and mainly employs deductive reasoning), the “technocratic paradigm” (which might be found in engineering approaches, most prominently in software engineering), and the “scientific paradigm” (which approaches computer-related artifacts from the empirical perspective of natural sciences,[47] identifiable in some branches of artificial intelligence).[48] Computer science focuses on methods involved in design, specification, programming, verification, implementation and testing of human-made computing systems.[49]
